Albert Einstein was born at Ulm, in Württemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. Six weeks later the family moved to Munich, where he later on began his schooling at the Luitpold Gymnasium. Later, they moved to Italy and Albert continued his education at Aarau, Switzerland and in 1896 he entered the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School in Zurich to be trained as a teacher in physics and mathematics. In 1901, the year he gained his diploma, he acquired Swiss citizenship and, as he was unable to find a teaching post, he accepted a position as technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. In 1905 he obtained his doctor's degree.
During his stay at the Patent Office, and in his spare time, he produced much of his remarkable work and in 1908 he was appointed Privatdozent in Berne. In 1909 he became Professor Extraordinary at Zurich, in 1911 Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague, returning to Zurich in the following year to fill a similar post. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute and Professor in the University of Berlin. He became a German citizen in 1914 and remained in Berlin until 1933 when he renounced his citizenship for political reasons and emigrated to America to take the position of Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton*. He became a United States citizen in 1940 and retired from his post in 1945.
After World War II, Einstein was a leading figure in the World Government Movement, he was offered the Presidency of the State of Israel, which he declined, and he collaborated with Dr. Chaim Weizmann in establishing the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Einstein always appeared to have a clear view of the problems of physics and the determination to solve them. He had a strategy of his own and was able to visualize the main stages on the way to his goal. He regarded his major achievements as mere stepping-stones for the next advance.
At the start of his scientific work, Einstein realized the inadequacies of Newtonian mechanics and his special theory of relativity stemmed from an attempt to reconcile the laws of mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. He dealt with classical problems of statistical mechanics and problems in which they were merged with quantum theory: this led to an explanation of the Brownian movement of molecules. He investigated the thermal properties of light with a low radiation density and his observations laid the foundation of the photon theory of light.
In his early days in Berlin, Einstein postulated that the correct interpretation of the special theory of relativity must also furnish a theory of gravitation and in 1916 he published his paper on the general theory of relativity. During this time he also contributed to the problems of the theory of radiation and statistical mechanics.
In the 1920's, Einstein embarked on the construction of unified field theories, although he continued to work on the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory, and he persevered with this work in America. He contributed to statistical mechanics by his development of the quantum theory of a monatomic gas and he has also accomplished valuable work in connection with atomic transition probabilities and relativistic cosmology.
After his retirement he continued to work towards the unification of the basic concepts of physics, taking the opposite approach, geometrisation, to the majority of physicists.
Einstein's researches are, of course, well chronicled and his more important works include Special Theory of Relativity (1905), Relativity (English translations, 1920 and 1950), General Theory of Relativity (1916), Investigations on Theory of Brownian Movement (1926), and The Evolution of Physics (1938). Among his non-scientific works, About Zionism (1930), Why War? (1933), My Philosophy (1934), and Out of My Later Years (1950) are perhaps the most important.
Albert Einstein received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities. During the 1920's he lectured in Europe, America and the Far East and he was awarded Fellowships or Memberships of all the leading scientific academies throughout the world. He gained numerous awards in recognition of his work, including the Copley Medal of the Royal Society of London in 1925, and the Franklin Medal of the Franklin Institute in 1935.
Einstein's gifts inevitably resulted in his dwelling much in intellectual solitude and, for relaxation, music played an important part in his life. He married Mileva Maric in 1903 and they had a daughter and two sons; their marriage was dissolved in 1919 and in the same year he married his cousin, Elsa Löwenthal, who died in 1936. He died on April 18, 1955 at Princeton, New Jersey.
Thomas Edison's greatest challenge was the development of a practical incandescent, electric light. Contrary to popular belief, he didn't "invent" the lightbulb, but rather he improved upon a 50-year-old idea. In 1879, using lower current electricity, a small carbonized filament, and an improved vacuum inside the globe, he was able to produce a reliable, long-lasting source of light. The idea of electric lighting was not new, and a number of people had worked on, and even developed forms of electric lighting. But up to that time, nothing had been developed that was remotely practical for home use. Edison's eventual achievement was inventing not just an incandescent electric light, but also an electric lighting system that contained all the elements necessary to make the incandescent light practical, safe, and economical. After one and a half years of work, success was achieved when an incandescent lamp with a filament of carbonized sewing thread burned for thirteen and a half hours. There are a couple of other interesting things about the invention of the light bulb: While most of the attention was on the discovery of the right kind of filament that would work, Edison actually had to invent a total of seven system elements that were critical to the practical application of electric lights as an alternative to the gas lights that were prevalent in that day.
These were the development of:
- the parallel circuit,
- a durable light bulb,
- an improved dynamo,
- the underground conductor network,
- the devices for maintaining constant voltage,
- safety fuses and insulating materials, and
- light sockets with on-off switches.
Before Edison could make his millions, every one of these elements had to be invented and then, through careful trial and error, developed into practical, reproducible components. The first public demonstration of the Thomas Edison's incandescent lighting system was in December 1879, when the Menlo Park laboratory complex was electrically lighted. Edison spent the next several years creating the electric industry. The modern electric utility industry began in the 1880s. It evolved from gas and electric carbon-arc commercial and street lighting systems. On September 4, 1882, the first commercial power station, located on Pearl Street in lower Manhattan, went into operation providing light and electricity power to customers in a one square mile area; the electric age had begun. Thomas Edison's Pearl Street electricity generating station introduced four key elements of a modern electric utility system. It featured reliable central generation, efficient distribution, a successful end use (in 1882, the light bulb), and a competitive price. A model of efficiency for its time, Pearl Street used one-third the fuel of its predecessors, burning about 10 pounds of coal per kilowatt hour, a "heat rate" equivalent of about 138,000 Btu per kilowatt hour. Initially the Pearl Street utility served 59 customers for about 24 cents per kilowatt hour. In the late 1880s, power demand for electric motors brought the industry from mainly nighttime lighting to 24-hour service and dramatically raised electricity demand for transportation and industry needs. By the end of the 1880s, small central stations dotted many U.S. cities; each was limited to a few blocks area because of transmission inefficiencies of direct current (dc).
The success of his electric light brought Thomas Edison to new heights of fame and wealth, as electricity spread around the world. His various electric companies continued to grow until in 1889 they were brought together to form Edison General Electric. Despite the use of Edison in the company title however, he never controlled this company. The tremendous amount of capital needed to develop the incandescent lighting industry had necessitated the involvement of investment bankers such as J.P. Morgan. When Edison General Electric merged with its leading competitor Thompson-Houston in 1892, Edison was dropped from the name, and the company became simply General Electric
Scientist Marie Curie won an international reputation and wide. Who is Marie Curie and what are the most important achievements:Posted scientist Marie Curie in the prime of her youth: the real man is not amenable to the events or persons. Marie Curie won first place in the preliminary scientific examination to enter the University of Sorbonne. The number of applicants was 1825 students of whom 23 were female. Marie Curie was born and raised in Warsaw and Bologna. Her name was Maria Scalodouxka. The year of birth was 1867. Completed her secondary education in Warsaw, then moved to Paris to complete her university studies in Paris, Maria replaced the original name as Mary. Mary plans to return to Poland after receiving a master's degree from France to become a school there, as was all of her father and her mother. Has changed the course of her life completely when she met the French scientist Pierre Curie for the first time in the year 1894. Pierre Curie was in its thirty-fifth, and because of that he had received a scientific reputation among his peers. Had conducted extensive studies on magnetism and its relation to temperature changes and also proved that it can be obtained on the strength of the application latency on the crystalline structures. Pierre Curie Bdibh known in the manufacture of precision tools. Shares in the success of his research with the following Marie Curie. Scientists have known that some metals such as Albechband a component of uranium oxide mainly containing very small amounts of the elements more effectively than uranium, but completely unknown. Although these elements than did the presence of radiation in metals is almost negligible Clean metal that did not include more than a slight of a gram of the element is assumed.Pierre and Marie married in July of the year 1895. Became the name of the scientist Marie Curie later. The Korean scientists a model for integrated scientific family. Mention here that Henri Becquerel had discovered radioactivity. Back story of this activity to the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen, which occurred in 1895 on a very strange rays × X-rays he called anonymous.
Note that the Roentgen rays that can penetrate objects and blocking. These rays have been used later in medicine has spread very widely. Was based on a Korean couple in their work on the achievements of Becquerel and Roentgen. Won their warehouse is executed all the necessary requirements for scientific work. But perseverance has been the worlds, and surpassed all the obstacles and researchers began working for the item after the supposed discovery, known as radium. The work of the Worlds is like looking for a needle in a very small endless piles of straw-filled spaces and wide range of fields beyond the horizon. Reached scientists in more than one phase of their work applied to the stage of despair and poetry in more than once that the failure is the final outcome of their research. Scientists to isolate thousands of very small samples in a separate Ajafnat but none of them revealed for radioactivity supposed to. The couple returned late one night exhausted Khaipin to their home. Mary's mind and there is a risk that a number of samples had to be filtered in and out than do scientists. The couple returned immediately to their work and began immediately the process of purification and in and out after midnight and went on one of the samples. Has been the discovery of radium.
Scientists were aware of the harmful effects of radioactivity, but they work a follower. Review medical record indicating the Bear Korean that he was injured in what is now the radiation disease. The changes were visible on the poor health of the Worlds follows the completion of their work. Mary lost a lot of weight and suffered anemia. The Pierre has taken suffering from severe pain all over his body diagnosed wrongly, as a kind of arthritis and may have inflammation of the nerves. Pierre seemed to health began to deteriorate and may have had on history to record that Pierre was the first victim of the scientific work in the field of radioactivity. But he died before reaching the peak radiation sickness. In the nineteenth of April of 1906, while Pierre was one of the streets of Paris cut pit runaway horse dragging a cart and convulsed on the spot. Mary left her husband in the position of professorship at the University of Sorbonne. Marie Curie was the first woman entered the cable education at the University of Sorbonne. Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize shared between the couple Pierre and Marie Curie and Henri Becquerel in 1903. Pierre Curie was known that he did not care about the awards and publicity. We have to receive the award more than once and finally delivered a special lecture and accepted the award in 1905. In 1909 jointly by the University and Vuste Pasteur in the establishment of radium. Included the establishment of new branches: Laboratory of radioactivity and was entrusted to his administration Marie Curie and biological research laboratory began studies for the treatment of cancer by radiation. That was the first studies of its kind in the world. Scientists have developed the management of Marie Curie several compounds derived from the radium treatment of cancer. Returned some of the vehicles and the failure of others. Marie Curie worked hard and activity in the twenties of the last century and early thirties trying to implement the radioactivity in the treatment. The Marie Curie had won the Nobel Prize for the second time in 1911 for her work in the field of chemical compounds and was the only scientist won the award twice. In 1931 Mary appeared to be deteriorating health has suffered from leukemia as a result of her work in radioactivity and chemical. Finally, the great scientist died in 1934 and put her shrouds over the coffin of her husband Pierre in a small tomb..
